Review on kapuscinski.info

In Search of a Mentor. "This Is Not a Job for Cynics". Ryszard Kapuściński

Sat, 15 Jun 2013 00:00:00 +0000

Sheryl Sandberg, COO of Facebook, wrote a book entitled Lean In: Women, Work and the Will to Lead (about which I intend to write a little more another time). Why do I mention it? Sandberg devotes considerable attention to the figure of the mentor. A function that in Polish reality virtually does not exist at all. In the United States, at most seminars devoted to personal development, the function of the mentor is widely discussed. It is even said that finding a mentor is a precondition of success in climbing the rungs of the corporate ladder. A mentor — that is, someone who will advise us. Mentors feel the need to take younger generations under their wings, to point out their life path and to share their experience with them. The mentoring relationship in Sandberg’s understanding is rather a direct one, yet extremely popular are the career autobiographies and self-help books written by specialists in a given field for persons just entering the profession.

A Reader's Review of "Imperium"

Thu, 12 Jan 2012 00:00:00 +0000

Ryszard Kapuściński is without doubt Poland’s greatest reporter. Although his figure has stirred controversy in recent years, I value his craft enormously, setting aside any judgement of him as a person — that is none of my business. I love (!) reading his books and the pleasure they bring is immense every time. This time I revisited Imperium, his study of the Soviet Union.

Imperium is divided into three parts. The first covers 1939–1967 and describes travels through the Soviet Union mainly in the 1950s and ’60s, including Kapuściński’s first encounter with the Empire — the entry of the Red Army into Pinsk, the city where he was born and grew up. The second part observes the disintegrating communist organism through expeditions to the outermost points of the USSR in 1989–1991. The third part offers the journalist’s impressions of the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and its consequences.

"Scenes from Life in the Empire" — a review of "Imperium"

Thu, 02 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Izabella Sariusz-Skapska. Source: Znak no. 3/1994. Published: 1994-03-01

The material for describing the Empire was supplied to Ryszard Kapuściński by notes from several journeys, begun at a time when even the greatest dreamers had not dared imagine they would live to hear the Soviet Union referred to in the past tense. Kapuściński describes his encounters with that world in three acts, so to speak. The First Encounter (1939–1967) begins with the entry of Soviet troops into the author’s hometown, Pinsk in Polesie. The Second Encounter contains the section A Bird’s-Eye View (1989–1991), set at the twilight of the communist colossus, when Kapuściński, like “an ubiquitous reporter,” traversed many republics — the counter on those expeditions clicking over “some 60,000 kilometres.” And finally — the third act: The Sequel Continues (1992–1993). In other words: is the succession after the Empire still up for grabs? Or is this ending simply a journalist’s trick — never closing a topic? A threatening memento…

"Why Did the World Flash Past Me So Fast" — a review of "Imperium"

Thu, 02 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Ryszard Pietrzak. Source: Nowe Książki no. 6, 1993. Published: 1993-01-01

This is a line from a poem by Ryszard Kapuściński, contained in his Notebook. That poem speaks more penetratingly than any of his statements or interviews about the problems bound up with his reportage prose. It is short and worth quoting in full: “Why / did the world / flash past me / so fast / would not let itself be stopped / come closer / be addressed as thou / it rushed off / a vanishing point / in fire and smoke.”

Press reviews of "Imperium" — a bibliography

Thu, 02 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0000

• 1991 Rzeczpospolita no. 54 — Peregrinations. Review by K.M.

• 1993 Debata no. 1, pp. 119–21 — Review by Jerzy Nowakowski.

• 1993 Puls no. 3, pp. 118–22 — Can One Understand the Twilight and Fall of the Empire? Review by Marek Karpiński.

• 1993 2B no. 5–6, pp. 58–59 — What Do We Have to Offer? Review by J. Kott.

• 1993 Nowe Książki no. 6 — “Why Did the World Flash Past Me So Fast.” Review by Ryszard Pietrzak.

A Treatise on Power, or "The Emperor" by Ryszard Kapuściński

Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Artur Domosławski

From Tuesday in the news-stands: “The Emperor” by Ryszard Kapuściński — the next book in our twentieth-century collection. Not only did it launch the international career of the greatest Polish reporter; it also elevated reportage to the status of high literature. The very highest.

To write a note about Kapuściński’s “The Emperor” is like writing about Homer’s “Iliad”.

The American prose writer John Updike considered “The Emperor” a “magical reflection that often transforms itself into poetry and aphorism”. The review by that very writer, published in the American “New Yorker”, launched the international career of “The Emperor”. The year was 1981.

The Emperor — A Pamphlet on Totalitarianism. Review of the Book "The Emperor"

Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Maciej Skórczewski. Date of publication: 2000-02-01

Ethiopia, mid-1970s. Night, silence, tension and fear palpable in the air. Somewhere in the remotest corner of Addis Ababa, in the quietest house, in deep conspiracy, an interview begins — or rather a long monologue of witnesses. People who, on account of what they did in the past, are condemned to constant hiding. Outside, a revolution is progressing. The country is gripped by civil war; a struggle for power is being waged. A decisive advantage is being gained by the mutinous army, the army that until recently served its ruler faithfully — the Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I. It is the year 1975; the storm calms down, a second war begins — a war in which victors hunt the vanquished, a war in which death is delivered not by technology but by an “ordinary” denunciation by a neighbour. In such conspiratorial conditions we meet people who until recently served the highest authority in Ethiopia — Emperor Haile Selassie I. And so begins another and one of the finest books by Ryszard Kapuściński, entitled “The Emperor”. A book that has been universally recognised as a pamphlet on totalitarianism.

Theatrical Productions of "The Emperor"

Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0000

“The Emperor” has also been staged many times. Theatrical adaptations (premieres):

• 24.11.1978 Stefan Jaracz Theatre, Łódź, directed by Jerzy Hutek • 04.1979 Small Stage of the Powszechny Theatre, Warsaw, directed by Jerzy Hutek • 15.01.1981 J. Szaniawski Drama Theatre, Wałbrzych, directed by Kazimierz Tałaj • 1981 “Format” Stage, Kraków, directed by J. Kopczewski • 1981 Szaniawski Drama Theatre, Płock • 1983 Adekwatny Theatre, Warsaw, directed by J. Wócik, monodrama by Magda Teresa Wójcik • 27.10.1987 Studio Theatre, Warsaw — Polish version of the London production • 11.03.1987 The Royal Court Theatre, London. Directed by Jonathan Miller and Michael Hastings • 02.02.1981 TVP Television Theatre, Studio of Facts and Sensations, directed by Jerzy Hutek • 14.04.2002 Adekwatny Theatre, Warsaw, directed by Magda Teresa Wójcik, monodrama by Jolanta Olszewska • 1980 Polish Radio Theatre, adaptation by E. Marcinkowska • 1995 opera version, Opera Festival, Palatsi (Finland), performed by Soronlinna • 2002 Drama Theatre in Warsaw. Directed by Magda Teresa Wójcik, performed by Jolanta Olszewska

The "new" Kapuściński — a review of "Another Day of Life"

Thu, 28 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Stanisław Głąbiński source: Nowe Książki no. 3 date: 1977-03-01 ——————————————————————–

The “new” Kapuściński appeared and vanished like a meteor, and any review is of course too late and serves no informational purpose — why inform readers about a book nobody can get hold of anywhere? It is probably hard even to borrow privately.

All the same, we cannot fail to notice this little book and pass it by indifferently. Not even on account of its author, rightly regarded as one of our finest writers of reportage, nor on account of the undisputed beauty of Kapuściński’s prose, but on account of its subject. Another Day of Life is the notebook of a reporter filing to the Polish Press Agency headquarters in Warsaw on the course of the war of liberation in Angola. A war that no other journalist observed as Kapuściński did, and at the same time a war that became one of the most important political events of the last decade, with a significance reaching far beyond the African continent and, in all likelihood, far beyond the 1970s.

"Che — Defeat and Victory" — Review of "The Bolivian Diary"

Wed, 20 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Ludwik Stomma. Source: Tygodnik Powszechny, no. 18, 1970. Date of publication: 3 May 1970.

Who is Che, really? For Americans — a terrible travelling salesman of revolution, with a reward of 50,000 pesos placed on his head. For most French people — a photogenic playboy, a demon of adventure, of which so many young people dream. For the inhabitants of the Third World — friend number one, a fascinating symbol, the embodiment of a myth. For the entire world — a romantic Don Quixote. (Albert-Paul Lentin, “Guevara’s Challenge,” Le Nouvel Observateur)

"Conqueror of His Own Defeat" — Review of "Che Guevara — The Bolivian Diary"

Wed, 20 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Jan Wyka. Source: Twórczość, no. 7–8, 1970. Date of publication: 1970.

Partisan warfare in its many forms has belonged for years to the basic arsenal of revolutionary struggle — ever since humanity began to record its history. It opposes power that has been imposed, whether foreign or domestic, sufficiently armed and equipped for the overriding work of oppression and exploitation. It stands on the side of the oppressed. It is born of them. It is the expression of their revolt, their resistance, and their hope. Since the disproportion in arms, training, and supply between the rulers and the insurgents is enormous, a good partisan strategist strikes at the periphery of the governing centres — at the weakest positions — applying a considered tactic of harassment and sabotage, generally avoiding pitched battle. In historical perspective partisan warfare has suffered an immense number of defeats, and only isolated victories. Nevertheless it proves, in the final reckoning, to be on many occasions an indispensable strategy — the only available one — including in this summation the inevitable risk.

"The Human Cry from Santa Cruz" — Review of "The Bolivian Diary"

Wed, 20 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Anna Pawłowska. Source: Sztandar Młodych, no. 24, 1970. Date of publication: 29 January 1970.

From the autumn of 1967 onward, at street demonstrations, in brightly-lit university lecture halls in various countries and on various continents — almost simultaneously — the portrait appeared: the man in a dark beret with a star, the concentrated face framed by a short beard. A new, previously unknown slogan arose: “Che.” A symbol — of what? An ideal — whose?

Balloon trips. Kapuściński — a review of "Nobody Leaves: Impressions of Poland"

Wed, 20 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Stanisław Zieliński source: “Nowe Książki” no. 15 date: 1962-08-15

Review

author: Stanisław Zieliński title: Wycieczki balonem. Kapuściński source: “Nowe Książki” no. 15, 15 August 1962

Three reasons decided my choice of reading for a frosty July evening. I like authors who betray an interest in the world outside the café; I remember Kapuściński’s reportage published in “Polityka”; and the author does not wear a beard. From my point of view an essential and important detail, because some beards, seen close up, present a very squalid appearance.

Che Guevara's Diaries — Review by Agawa

Wed, 20 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Source: Nowe Książki, 1970.

This is an important book for the history of the twentieth century. Setting aside even its substantive content — which is a record of the partisan operations of Guevara’s small unit on Bolivian territory, more precisely in the province of Santa Cruz (which is significant) — this book is a document illustrating the political strategy adopted as the correct strategy by the leaders of the Cuban revolution. It is therefore impossible to avoid reflection on precisely that subject. That is why Fidel Castro, who provided the preface to Guevara’s diary, considered writing it a necessity.

Fellow Travelers

Thu, 07 Jun 2007 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Donald Morrison
Source: Time Magazine, June 7, 2007

Editorial summary by kapuscinski.info. The text below is a summary based on the original article. The full article is available in the Time Magazine archive.

An article published five months after Kapuscinski’s death, placing him within the broader tradition of travelling journalists who shaped how Western societies understood the Third World in the twentieth century.

Morrison — for many years Time’s culture editor — sets Kapuscinski alongside figures such as Tiziano Terzani and Martha Gellhorn as a representative of a vanishing species: the journalist who spends years coming to know one place or one subject rather than hopping between events.

Kapuściński, More Magical than Real

Mon, 12 Feb 2007 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Michela Wrong, John Pilger
Source: New Statesman, February 12, 2007
Link: https://www.newstatesman.com/media/2007/02/kapuscinski-journalism-africa

Editorial summary by kapuscinski.info. The text below is a summary based on the original article. The full article is available at the New Statesman.

An article published three weeks after Kapuscinski’s death by the New Statesman — among the first interventions by experienced Western correspondents in the argument over his legacy.

Michela Wrong — the British journalist and author of reportage from Congo, Kenya and Rwanda — puts the question that had been avoided for years: was the enthusiasm for Kapuscinski in Western newsrooms based partly on readers’ ignorance of Africa? Where the writing was beautiful, the details went unchecked. Wrong knows the continent too well to miss the simplifications.

Ryszard Kapuściński: Defending his literary license

Tue, 30 Jan 2007 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Meghan O’Rourke
Source: Slate Magazine, January 30, 2007
Link: https://slate.com/culture/2007/01/ryszard-kapuscinski-defending-his-literary-license.html

Editorial summary by kapuscinski.info. The text below is a summary based on the original article. The full article is available free of charge at Slate.

A reply to Jack Shafer’s The Lies of Ryszard Kapuscinski, published five days later by the same magazine. O’Rourke — a literary critic and poet — does not defend Kapuscinski at any cost, but she questions whether the standards of hard news reportage are the right ones to apply to his work.

A Poet Among Journalists

Sun, 28 Jan 2007 00:00:00 +0000

source: World Press Review archive source: info-poland.buffalo.edu

A Poet Among Journalists

“More than anything, one is struck by the light,” writes Ryszard Kapuscinski in The Shadow of the Sun, his new book on Africa. “Brightness everywhere…We discard overcoats, peel off sweaters. It’s the first gesture of initiation we, the people of the North, perform upon arrival in Africa.”

Kapuscinski, who was born in Poland in 1932, has spent his career chronicling political shifts in the Third World. He began as a foreign correspondent for the Polish Press Agency, which could afford to send only one reporter to each continent. “That was an advantage,” he recalled in an interview at London’s Institute for Contemporary Art. “It took me from place to place, from revolution to revolution.”

At Play in the Bush of Ghosts

Sun, 28 Jan 2007 00:00:00 +0000

Author: John Ryle source: Times Literary Supplement archive source: info-poland.buffalo.edu

At play in the bush of ghosts Tropical baroque, African reality and the work of Ryszard Kapuscinski

by JOHN RYLE

Ryszard Kapuscinski, The Shadow of the Sun, trans Klara Glowczewska 336pp, Penguin, 2001

IN A CAREER EXTENDING over four decades, Ryszard Kapuściński has published accounts of his homeland, Poland, of travels in Iran and the former Soviet Union, and a collection of reportage from third-world countries including Honduras, El Salvador, Chile and Bolivia. His principal subject, however, from early in his working life, has been Africa. Africa is where, in the late 1950s, in his mid-twenties, after a brief spell in India and Pakistan, he began his career as a foreign correspondent, working for the official Polish state news agency. In the 1960s, he covered the early years of independence and the first of the post-colonial civil wars that have ravaged the continent ever since. In the 1970s he revisited these conflicts in a sequence of works of reflective reportage, works in which he transformed himself from a journalist into an author of international repute.

Bus Rides

Sun, 28 Jan 2007 00:00:00 +0000

source: The Economist archive source: info-poland.buffalo.edu

The Shadow of the Sun.

By Ryszard Kapuscinski.

Knopf; 325 pages; $25. Allen Lane, The Penguin Press; £18.99

LIKE a mounted cavalryman taking on a tank, Ryszard Kapuscinski charged into Africa waving his Polish sword, carrying less baggage than rival commentators. Since his own nation had been comprehensively colonised over the centuries, he was burdened with no post-colonial guilt, no anxiety to compensate for past wrongs and quite a different perspective on the cold war, whose skirmishes were then beginning to be fought out across the continent.

Kapuściński — New York Times Collected Reviews

Sun, 28 Jan 2007 00:00:00 +0000

source: New York Times archive source: info-poland.buffalo.edu via arlindo-correia.com

THE SOCCER WAR

Dispatches From a Secret Continent

Ryszard Kapuscinski is celebrated for two books on the third world, “The Emperor,” which described the last days of the court of the Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, and “Shah of Shahs,” about the downfall of the Pahlevi regime in Iran. “The Soccer War” is part of the raw material from which his earlier books were made, a collection of essays and notes based on his 22 years as a reporter working for the Polish Press Agency.

Our Man in Africa

Sun, 28 Jan 2007 00:00:00 +0000

source: Powell’s Books archive source: info-poland.buffalo.edu

Our Man in Africa

A Review by Frank Bures

Ryszard Kapuscinski has been roaming the world for forty years now, dodging bullets, running roadblocks, being sentenced to death (four times), having drinks with world leaders mostly Third World leaders and taking notes. The Polish journalist’s books and stories are filled with drama worthy of Hollywood.

There is plenty of that in his new book, Shadow of the Sun, about his four-decade affair with Africa, a collection of anecdotes, essays and reportage. In it he also shows that he’s still a master of the style he helped create what he calls the “New Literature,” in which the writer is a character. Ever since he arrived there in Africa in 1957, Kapuscinski has been more participant than voyeur, so Kapuscinski’s Africa in his new book is neither a giant zoo nor a museum of misery. It is far more simple and infinitely more complex than the Africa portrayed in most books: It is a place where people live.

The Shadow of the Sun — Collected Reviews

Sun, 28 Jan 2007 00:00:00 +0000

source: New York Times, Newsweek archive source: info-poland.buffalo.edu via arlindo-correia.com

Ryszard Kapuscinski

8-6-2001

Ryszard Kapuscinski

(1932

)

Born in Pinsk, now in Belarus, in 1932, Kapuscinski is the pre-eminent writer among Polish reporters. After honing his skills on domestic stories, he traveled throughout the world and reported on several dozen wars, coups and revolutions in America, Asia, and especially in Africa, where he witnessed the liberation from colonialism. He has devoted several books to Africa, including his latest, the forthcoming Ebony.

The Shadow of the Sun — Pittsburgh Post Gazette Review

Sun, 28 Jan 2007 00:00:00 +0000

source: Pittsburgh Post Gazette archive source: info-poland.buffalo.edu

‘The Shadow of the Sun’ by Ryszard Kapuscinski

Polish correspondent elegantly chronicles Africa in its strife and beauty

Friday, May 25, 2001

By John Freeman

The Shadow of the Sun

By Ryszard Kapuscinski Knopf $25.00

In 1957, the Polish Press Agency appointed 25-year-old Ryszard Kapuscinski its first full-time correspondent in Africa, a continent then on the brink of a massive independence movement. While Kapuscinski would eventually cover conflicts in Latin America, Asia and the Pacific, he would always return to Africa to hitch rides on passing trucks, wander with nomads through the desert, be the guest of peasants of the tropical savannah. In his sumptuous and meditative new work of nonfiction, he distills his best adventures into a book that is part travelogue and part history, a consummate prose poem to the enduring strangeness and beauty of Africa. Landscapes require expert storytelling to bring them to life, and time and again, Kapuscinski rises to the challenge. Arriving in Kumasi, Ghana, in the late 1950s, he describes the incandescent quality of African light. In reality, the sun comes out as if it were a ball catapulted into the air. We suddenly see a fiery sphere, so near to us that we cant help experiencing a frisson of fear. … Its as if all night long everyone was crouching on his starters blocks and now, at that shot of sunlight … the streets are full of people, the shops are open, the fires and kitchens are smoking. Unlike other foreign correspondents, Kapuscinski lived in ghettos with other Africans, exposing himself to theft and intimidation but gleaning revelatory stories of everyday citizens. In Lagos, Nigeria, where he inhabited an airless two-room flat, he witnessed a brutal beating administered to a young boy caught stealing bananas: Policemen here carry large wooden clubs with which they beat offenders, striking them with all their might. The boy is lying in the street now, cringing, curled up, trying to shield himself from the blows. A crowd has gathered. By befriending his neighbors, the journalist secured passage into some of the continents remote and dangerous regions, from the deserts of Somalia, where he joined a tribe on its pilgrimage to a well, to the northern reaches of Uganda, where bandits ambushed his motorcade. Along the way, Kapuscinski was felled by a case of malaria so powerful, Africans sat on top of him to contain his spasms. Near Kampala, he and another man wrestled a king cobra snake to death. Kapuscinski demonstrates an almost pathological desire to put himself in harms way. When Zanzibar underwent a coup detat, he hired a plane to fly into that beleaguered country, despite warnings that any incoming boats and aircraft were open targets. When the teen-age militia refused to let Kapuscinski leave, he chartered a boat and motored right into a monsoon, nearly drowning. All this risk pays off, however, as Kapuscinski emerges with an evocative and searching portrait of a continent wracked by constant change. As he shows, the independence movements of the early 1960s assumed that throwing off the mantle of colonialism would lead to an era of milk and honey, that corruption would disappear and that barren fields would flourish. Sadly, a series of civil wars further bankrupted the fledgling nations, plunging their swelling populations into famine. Moreover, the 80s and early 90s ushered in the plague of AIDS, ravaging each corner of the already blighted continent. Kapuscinski weaves elegantly between decades, alternating vignettes about the social etiquette of greetings with longer, impressively compressed histories of ongoing conflicts, from the strife in the Sudan to the feudal war waged between the Tutsis and Hutus in Rwanda. Stranded with a guide in a small village of starving people, Kapuscinskis companion observed, Because people from Europe spend their time here only in the cities and drive along the major roads, they cannot even imagine what our Africa looks like. Thanks to Kapuscinskis soulful and trenchant reporting, readers will now have a shadow of an idea. John Freeman is a free-lance writer based in New York City.

The Lies of Ryszard Kapuściński

Thu, 25 Jan 2007 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Jack Shafer
Source: Slate Magazine, January 25, 2007
Link: https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2007/01/the-lies-of-ryszard-kapuscinski.html

Editorial summary by kapuscinski.info. The text below is a summary based on the original article. The full article is available free of charge at Slate.

One of the most contested pieces ever written about Kapuscinski — published in Slate literally the day after his death, which by itself provoked sharp reactions among journalists. Shafer, a well-known media critic, states the charge outright: Kapuscinski was a liar.

In the Pit of History

Thu, 21 Jun 2001 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Neal Ascherson
Source: The New York Review of Books, June 21, 2001
Link: https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2001/06/21/in-the-pit-of-history/

Editorial summary by kapuscinski.info. The text below is a summary based on the original article. The full article is available at The New York Review of Books (a subscription may be required).

A long review of the English edition of The Shadow of the Sun by Neal Ascherson — the British commentator, expert on Central Europe and historian of Poland. Ascherson sets Kapuscinski’s book against Ann Jones’s Looking for Lovedu, using the pair to show two very different ways of writing about Africa.

A Good Man in Africa

Fri, 15 Jun 2001 00:00:00 +0000

Author: W. F. Deedes
Source: The Daily Telegraph (UK), June 15, 2001

Editorial summary by kapuscinski.info. The text below is a summary based on the original article. The full article is available in The Daily Telegraph archive.

A review by Bill Deedes — W. F. Deedes, Baron Deedes, one of the legends of British journalism: for decades a reporter and editor at the Daily Telegraph, a Member of Parliament, a minister in Macmillan’s government, a participant in the Abyssinian campaign of 1935, and the likely model for Evelyn Waugh’s William Boot in Scoop.

Misguided Tour

Tue, 24 Apr 2001 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Aleksandar Hemon
Source: The Village Voice, April 24, 2001

Editorial summary by kapuscinski.info. The text below is a summary based on the original article. The full article is available in the Internet Archive (Village Voice).

A review by the Bosnian-American writer Aleksandar Hemon, published on the occasion of the English edition of The Shadow of the Sun. Hemon — himself a writer in two languages, intimately familiar with the experience of being the foreigner — raises objections that would become the groundwork of the later postcolonial debate.

Magic Journalism

Thu, 03 Nov 1994 00:00:00 +0000

Author: Adam Hochschild
Source: The New York Review of Books, November 3, 1994
Link: https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1994/11/03/magic-journalism/

Editorial summary by kapuscinski.info. The text below is a summary based on the original article. The full article is available at The New York Review of Books (a subscription may be required).

Hochschild’s essay — by an outstanding non-fiction author in his own right — was a review of Imperium and became one of the most important English-language accounts of Kapuscinski’s method.